News

 Print News 

L/O - To explore printed news and theoretical framework.

1. bias - the ownership have there own opinions
2.  it can be distributed online through sunscribtions not just on paper in shops less money because some of it is online for free.
3.  tv online 

1. 
   
2. yes because they will all have difference target audiences of different interests and different ages
3. 
   

1. 
   

Tabloid 

• Lots of images 
• Soft news 
• Big headings 
• Adverts 
• Red material

Broadsheet 

• Less images 
• Hard news 
• Adverts   
• More text heavy 
• 3 or more stories on the front 

L/O - To explore the purpose and process of the printed news industry.

Production of news paper:

Why are they expensive to produce?

They are expensive because they have to print out a large amount of copies 

How has technology changed the traditional approach?

Because they are printed in colour.

Why are they expensive to distribute?

Have to be physically transported 

Need to be in outlets from early moring meaning that people have to work late so they get paid more for Working in the night.

How could the cost be less?

It could be if they wee printed locally or online as they would not have to send them out and then it can Be sent globally or free paper e.g the metro

How to they promote their papers?

Advertising - TV, Social media, sister papers, exclusives

Synergy deals with other companies 

Circulation:

Number of copies distributed, not sold 

Ownership

• Refers to who financially surports and produces the paper.
• In the UK,there are 3 ownership models:
• Media barons - owned by wealthy individuals or properties. E.g. Rupert Murdoch.
• Trusts - a legal arrangement that tranfers funds from the owner to a trustee to manage and control the running of the paper. E.g. Scott Trust 
• Cross-media coveraged conglomerates - global institutions that own numerous media outlets. These may be owned by media Barons E.g DMG and Lord Rothermere.
• Newspaper ownership in the UK has become increasingly concentrated, and therefore less diverse, as the industry is run by just seven companies. More worryingly, almost 60% of the market share is owned by just two companies: News UK and DMG Media.

Economic models and funding

• The news industry contributes massively to the UK economy, despite falling print sales 
• Production is finances in different ways, but the main two forms are 

Circulation sales 

• 14.3 million read a paper daily 
• 81% of papers revenue comes from print sales 
• Cost of national daily paper ranges from 70p-£2.70
• Cost of national weekend paper ranges from 80p-£3.80

Advertising 

• Cost of full page colour ad in daily mail is over £30,000
• Papers make money from ads in both offline and online versions
• Print readers are 75% more likely to read ads

Alternate methods of funding print news can include:

• Subscriptions (online)
• Memberships
• Readers donations 

The print news industry is facing a crisis due to falling sales and increased of online news 

Traditional funding models need revising 

Posible funding strategies include:

• Government or public funding subsides
• Philanthropy 
• Greater focus on payment from online access 
• Pooled reporting to reduce costs of journalists
• Greater use of freelance agencies.

Technological Developments 

Since 1980s,rapid development of hardware, software and coveraged devices has significantly changed the relationship between between owners and their audiences.

Technology introduced 

• 1980s - computers,printers and DTP programs 
• 1990s - The internet 
• 2000s - Broadband, Web 2.0, Smartphones and tablets, HD  digital cameras, Apps.

Effects on owners and audiences 

• More people will be able to access online magazines 
• Companies can make big batches with updated printing technology 
• Owners loose money due to internet and more competition 
• Get news for free online
• Have to come up with apps to target different audiences.

Advances fro owners of internet news 

• Quicker 
• People dont have to in an office
• Cheaper to produce 
• Easy to distribute 

What are the disadvantages  

• Harder to get a profit 

Case studies 

For the daily mail and the guardian, find out more about 

• The owners/trusts and funding model used 
• Circulation figures 
• Advertising costs
• Sales figures for the last 5 years 
• Online website 
• Online options:revenue 

 L/O - To explore the news values of printed news.

News Gathering 

• Newspapers have terms of reporters who gather news locally or through press agencies. These agencies operate global to identify key facts when major events happen.
• press agencies report facts without jugement and so all information is objective.This information is sold newspaper who reshape the story to reflect their own values.
• DMG Media and News UK are shareholders in PA (press agencies)

Gatekeeping 

• The editor acts as gatekeeper: responsible fro filtering, selecting or omitting stories based on importance and appeal.
• These stories must then be checked fro accuracy.
• As part of this process, editors can practise PROTECTIVE COVERAGE: withholding information on the grounds it would be harmful to the public, powerful people or impede a legal investigation.

News Values 

• Definition : News values: guidlines used to identify which news is considered to be most valuable, appealing and newsworthy fro audiences.
• indicates that the news is SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED product.
• Whilst the editor is in charge of gatekeeping, the tastes and preferences of the audience are highly influential.
• for example, readers of The Sun may prefer sensationalised stories and so personalisation may be made a value so as to create emotive stories. 
• However, in The Gardian, Composition may be significant value as the readers desire a sense of balance, liberalism and appreciate debate.

12 of the most significant news values are:

1. Frequency
2. Threshold (magnitude or intensity that must exceed fro a certain reaction, phenomenon, result)
3. unambiguity
4. Meaningfulness
5. Consonance (agreement between opinions or actions)
6. unexpectedness
7. Continuity
8. Composition
9. Reference to elite nations 
10. References to elite people 
11. Personalisation 
12. Negativity

Guardian front page 16th of September 2023

Negativity

Reference to elite nations - a spanish feast 

Unexpectedness 

Composition 

Frequency

Unambiguity

Barthes: Semiology 

1. Denotations can signify connotations, associated meanings fro same sign.
2. denotations and connotations are organised into myths.
3. Myths create an ideological meaning and help ideology feel natural,real and acceptable.
4. E.G. How is the media language (headline, image and juxtaposition to the caption, words) used as signs to conote a message. 

  Barthes semiology 

• Denotations - dog 
• Connotations - dangerous, emphasising big head and mouth, chain collar, scary, vicious 
• Guardian used the photo of the dog thats look like it is smiling 

L/O - To explore the political bias of printed news.

Political Bias 

What is free press

• If a country has free press its newspapers, magazines, and television and radio stations are able to express any opinion they want, even if these criticise the government and other organisations.

The Forth Estate 

• news a role in safeguarding the public from decisions made by the wealthy or politions which could influence policy or outcomes.

Political Bias 

• Political bias should be considered in relation to the ownership and regulation of the press.It can be seen to influence thinking and political outcomes, and therefore democracy.
• A papers political and ideological values are often referred to as left or right wing.A papers position can vary depending on time and editors.
• The majority of the public see The Mail as very right wing and The Guardian as fairly left wing

How left or right wing are mainstream UK newspaper 

Some people talk about left, right and cente to describe parties and politicians.

Political bias 

• The survey shows that over half of the national daily papers support right wing values. This provides a HOMOGENOUS view of out news.
• homogenous: singular, simular and indistinguishable.
• This means that most papers offer simular view of the news they report and therefore reinforce singular view about our socetity / culture 
• PLURAITY that more than one viewpoint is maintained in the news, that owners cant reduce the pluraity.

Both The Daily Mail  and The Sun are:

• Right wing 
• Support and reflect the values of the conservatives
• Owned by wealthy, white, male Media Barons who control global media outlets.

Headline - Desperate, deluded, PM clings to power 

• Left wing criticising conservative PM
• Desperate, deluded - negative, not relatable 

Headline - Boris stares down the mutiny 

• Right wing supporting the conservative PM 
• Stares down - hold power 

Mirror - Full page unflattering photo of PM - against her 

Daily mail - posed imaged surrounded by posters, and people who support her - pro Theresa 

Levi-strauss: 

1. This is the study of hidden rules that shape a structure to communicate ideology and myths.
2. We understand the world and our place within it based on binary oppositions

Levi strauss:

In the first cover we see that theresa may is presented in a bad way as it is shown by her picture which covers the full front of the page, which is the first thing you see which puts in a bad light light to the public. this shows that Daily Mirror political standpoint as more left wing. struass talks about binary opposition and within the mamagzine with may not telling the truth means that the other side of the party is telling the truth.

L/O - To explore issues of regulation of printed news.

Regulation 

• Regulation of any industry may be directed by government legislation or an independent authority. It controls how an industry is ru and how people behave.
• there are two main arguments fro and against the regulation of the printed press.
• FOR: The news industry has too much political power and influence over the british public, which has reduced freedom of speech. compromises democracy and is not in the public interest.
• AGAINST: The printed press should not be regulated or controlled, especially by government legislation. it would effect freedom of speech, democracy and would not be in the public interest.

• Regulation is concerned with maintaining the need fro a free press and the fuction of the fourth estate to protect the people and democracy. Political influence of owners and the need fro plurality is also a regulatory concern.
• recent events have put regulation at the top of the political agenda. in light of recent debates,regulation in the UK focuses on -
• News content and information printed by the press 
• ownership and competition laws.

News Content And Information 

• The british press is self regulation 
• Through an independent organisation of editors, it regulates itself within an accepted code of conduct 
• Punitive rather than preventative 
• Breach could lead to a fine or printed apology.

2011 

• Pubic led inquiry into the relationship between the press and the public, police and politicians.
• reconmedations:
• Continue to be self regarding 
• Create a new press standards body with a rigorous code of conduct
• Back up regulation with legislation 
• Provide public with confidence that complains will be dealt with 
• Protect the press from government interference.

As a result, TWO new regulatory bodies were established:

• Independant press standards organisation(IPSO)
• Independent monitor fro the press (IMPRESS)

Independent press standards organisation 

• Is NOT seen to fulfil levinsons requirements, so doesn't have official status 
• in its role, it:
• holds newspaper to account 
• protects the right of the individual 
• upholds standards of journalism
• maintain freedom of expression fro the press 
• it is funded by its members (national daily papers like The Mail). The public can submit complaints without going through the courts and IPSO will investigate. Papers can opt-out and self regulate outside of the IPSO E.g The Guardian.

independent monitor of the press (IMPRESS)

• Became a levinson compliant regulator in 2016
• funded by the IPRT, meaning that it is commercially independent from the news industry and not comprimised by its funding system unlike IPSO.
• First of its kind for the UK, but not received well by its editors who can see it as an attempt from the goverment to control freedom of the press

Curran and Seaton 

Most of the British press is owned by a small amount of people, for example the sun is owned by a media baron, it is right wing and aimed at the working class. the Daily Mail is also right wing and owned by the media baron Lord Rothermere - the convergence of conglomerates has caused the papers to be very similar almost the same.

Hesmondhalgh 

companies rely on repetition to minimise risk this is why most right wing tabloids look the same.

the daily mail always includes a celebrity on the cover to reach their hybrid target audience 

the guardians front cover layout is always the same using the same colour palette 

Livingston and Lundt

Traditional regulation is being put at risk by increasingly globalised media industries, the rise of the digital media and media convergence.

the daily mail promotes things to win and articles that will benefit the reader 

the guardian self regulates.

L/O - To explore theories of regulation of the printed news.

Curran and Seaton 

Power and Media industries 

• Patterns in ownership and control are important in how the media functions.
• media industres are capitalist and aim to increase concentration of ownership; leads to narrowing of opinions represented in the press, affecting plurality.
• The internet does not represent a rupture with the past in that it does not over a level playing eld fro diverse voices to be heard. It is constrained by nationalism and state censorship. News is still controlled by powerful news organisations, who have successfully defended their oligarchy.

daily mail - print news 

• Historical ownership of paper by rothermere family since 1896 repeats ownership pattern.
• Current market share of DGM reinforces right wing political agender to a large audience.
• news values support populist reporting that relies on sensationalised or personalised stories.

daily mail - online news 

• mail online has posted an increase of revenue of £93mil in 2017 This is achieved via celebrity and entertainment.
• Through the MailOnline DMGT has become the UKs leading news outlet with a share of 20.1%

The Guardian - print news 

• historical owenership of paper by Scott Trust ensures ownership and control do not affect journalistic values.
• Aims to provide a voice fro different perspectives; alternative to narrowed opinions presented by controlling outlets.
• Aim to guard against commercial pressure through trust format.Changes in format and move online shows need to adapt to survive.

The Guardian - Online news 

• GMG need to make a profit to survive the Scotts trust separate the journalism arm so that the journalism is not compromised.
• The internet has allowed theguadian.com to increase the market share of the news industry so it is a different political voice to the conservatives.

Usefulness and limitations 

Print News: 

studying newspapers as an industry draws attention to issues such as; forms and effects of ownership and control, the working practises of journalists and other creators, and issues of risk and profitability.

• Applies to the narrow range of polical opinions expresses by british natinal newspapers, with a bias to pro-capitalism.
• Applies to the long history of 'press barons' owning newspapers in order to achieve statuse and wield politcal power.

However: 

In prioritising the effects of ownership and control on the content of newspaper to this theory may not aid in understanding how ideologies, audience choice or media language conventions may determine media content 

Online News 

• studying newspapers as an industry draws attention to issues such as: forms and effects of ownership and control, the working practises of journalists and other creators, and issues of risk and profitability.
• Applies to the narrow range of polical opinions expresses by british natinal newspapers, with a bias to pro-capitalism.
• Applies to the long history of 'press barons' owning newspapers in order to achieve statuse and wield politcal power.
• corrects over optimistic views of the internet as an arena fro freedom and unlimited creatity.

However

In prioritising the effects of ownership and control on the content of newspaper to this theory may not aid in understanding how ideologies, audience choice or media language conventions may determine media content 

Hesmondhalgh

Culterals industries 

• Cultural industries follow a capitalist pattern of increasing concentration and integration so production is owned and controlled by a few conglomerates.
• Risk is seen in terms of loss of money. Risk is high because production costs are high.
• companies rely on repetition to minimise risk and cover failure.Repeated formats are easily recognisable to audience and use copyright laws to protects products from reproduction and piracy.

Daily mail - print news 

• DMGT as parent company to DMG Media (news subsidiary),
• allows Rothermere family to integrate a number of outlets and services, reducing competion.
• increasing digital outlets and reducing printing plants helps reduce risk.

Daily Mail - Online 

• The Mail online enables global distribution and circulation extending DMGTs reach. It follows the conservative values of the Daily Mail so can reinforce those on a larger scale.
• Development of the Mail online outlet has reduced risk significantly for DMGT. Production cost are low and advertising revenue is high.

L/O - To explore theories of regulation of the printed news.

The Guardian 

• Owned by scott trust 
• Options  to donate 
• Online subscriptions
• People buying the printed newspaper 

Daily mail 

• Buy there printed news
• Online subscription
• Owned by the media barron DMGT  

Explain how economic contexts, including commercial and not fro profitt funding, affect the distribution of newspapers. refer to the gaudian and the daily mail to surport your answer.

The daily mail is owned by the  DMGT ownership has remained with the Rothermere family for over 100, this type of ownership focusses on circulation and advertising the main revenue, 1,264,810 circulation figures and a 25% of the the market share. There advertising will cost anywhere from 3000-3,000,000, however these numbers will change depending on whether the readership increases or decreases. but they will still make a profit on it as in 2017 they made a profit of £77 Million same as in the previous year, with that they had 8.5 Million print readerships. they have an increase in advertising the mail online and making a websites for there news. they have closed a factory in Didcot as they did not need as many prints, this also helped them with lowering the cost of manufacturing by removing and no having to make more then they need as the increase in online readers to people buying printed news, they have 7.7 million online readers and 22.7 million mobile readers. It fits within hesmonhalgs theory the press follows a captilast patten of increasing concentration and intergration so production is owned and controlled by a few conglomerates.

The gaudian is ownened by the scotts trustt, it is a fund that foccuses on socially responsible investiment surports GMT. they had a declne in circulation and less money from print sales. 986 circulation in 18 2.8% market shaere.  Advertising online and in the newspaper creates revenue. the costs of adverting can change depending on how many people are reading it but the averge cost is 5000-32,400. they get donaions to surport there funding for the news paper by the readers who surport it 

 

L/O - To investigate audiences of printed news and audience appeal.

Audience Profiling 

Can Be Done: 

• Demographics
• Psychometrics (VALs)
• Type: Mass or niche

Print News Audiences 

29.1 million people a month still read UK newspaper = mass audience 

Demographics 

• 51% male
• 55+most likely
• 57% millennial are likely to read a newspaper.
• middle (28%) and working (27%) class 
• Psychometrics (VALs) 
• aspires,Mainstreamers, Reformers, the Resigned and Succeeders

Content and Appeal

STORIES SELECTED 

• Whilst the stories featured in a paper reflect the views of the owner and editor, they must also reinforce the values and interests of the target audience.
• We've looked at gatekeeping and galung and Ruge's values, but we could also consider harpcurps news values (2001)

Apply the values to this examples 

• The power elite - "liz phone is hacked by putin"
• Surprise - "liz phone is hacked by putin"
• Celebrity - "Ronaldo my return has been a disaster"
• Celebrity - "Simon Cowell exclusive"
• Good news miracle " my son saved my life"
• Entertainment "free England world cup kit"
• Relevence - world cup 
• magnitude - world cup 

Content and appeal terminology 

Techical codes

• Key codes and formating conventions used to make the paper visually appealing 

Language 

• lexis and mode of adress depend on the genre, ideology and TA 

celebrity - dianan acteres

entertainment - diana - the crown 

the power elite - 

L/O - To explore the genre codes and conventions in print news.

Codes 

• A complex system of signs that create meaning.
• can be divided into TWO categories:
• TECHNICAL: camerawork, editing and MES choices that require technical equipment/ skills to produce. E.G shot type, layout etc.
• SYMBOLIC: The meaning communicated through the technical elements.

CONVENTIONS 

• The generally accepted way of doing something.

Tabloid and broadsheet 

Tabloid: 

Lexis- serif

Size- 375 x 597 mm 

Mode of address- formal

Headline size- sensibly sized 

Image : text- smaller image than text

Broadsheet

Lexis- serif

Size- 375 x 597 mm 

Mode of address- formal

Headline size- sensibly sized 

Image : text- bigger image than text

'High street revolt over rates rise'

• Negative news 

The distinctions between the two genres are getting increasingly blurred.

DUAL CONVERGENCE is when genres borrow conventions from another in the use of media language and so language and so increasingly resemble one another.

hybrid paper such as daily mail 

news papers are not as popular now 

daily mail borrowing things from other news papers 

L/O - To explore the terminology of media language and codes and conventions in print news 

masthead - white and blue - to right - bold letters serif font 

layout - in columns  - image at the bottom left hand of the page small image in the top left hand corner - lots of text surrounding the images. interior images 

mode of adress 

L/O - To explore the terminology of media language and codes and conventions in print news.

The Daily Mail 

• It is considered to be the first UK tabloid in terms of its journalism.
• It is considered to be a mid market tabloid
• A news paper that offers a mix of both soft and hard news content in its own coverage of news to appeal to its target audience.
• The technical conventions in the Mail enables the editor to signify meaning and communicate the papers conservative viewpionts and ideologies.

Analyse how this cover uses media language to show genre, viewpoints and ideologies 

The media language in the masthead signifies the use of the broadsheet genre conventions from the mid market tabloid. The Mail chooses to use this convention of the broadsheet genre because it signifies traditional reliable views, the coat of arms in the logo signifies the forth estate. the coat of arms reinforces this as it is seen as a very respectable symbol.

levi strauss applies to this because we have two side of the government labor and conservatives, labor is bad according to the mail headline as the head of the labor party starter as he wants to get people to pay more for private school. underlying ideologie is that private school is better then public schools. 

The Guardian 

The technical conventions in the Guardian enables the editor to communicate the papers liberal viewpoint and values.

For example, the serif font connotestraditnal broadsheet journalism and indicates that,despite the tabloid size,the paper still provides the same quality journalism.

The masthead follows a broadsheet genre convention through the use of serif type. This shows the history of the newspaper as the fourth estate and the importance of unbiased news. the use of the dark blue and white, classic colours, opposite of a tabloid and shows the seriousness of the news. more colour shows exciting and more fun news inside to appeal to everyone. but also the cover focusses on serious news.

How can we apply Baudrillard?

hyper - reality of private schools - may not have been to one. 

hyper-reality of mat handcock going into the im a celeb jungle - its a real jungle but there are cameras and a campsite set up 

we dont know what it looked like could of looked completely different from the photo on the front cover.

how far? judgement 

intro to state our view 

middle - both sides agree/disagree/ bit of both 

end conclusion - state the viewpoint 

conventions, Viewpoints 

outlines conventions of a tabloid 

technical 

symbolic - suggest - connotation 

lexis 

How far have media conventions been used to construct viewpoint in source A and B?

The conventions of a tabloid include a red and white masthead at the top left on the page, and there is big text that covers almost half of the page, with no smaller tories to surport it. the image take up half of the front cover with the writing overlaying on top of it to create ideologies with the image. the conventions of a broadsheet include a black and white masthead either across the top of the page or on top right hand corner, the image takes up less then half page with big serif font to surport it and smaller writing in coloms across the base of the page.  

 

L/O - To explore the constructions of representations in papers and impact of contexts on these representations.

Representation 

• Dominant Group: sociological term used to refer to a group that controls the values systems in a society. Not necessarily the largest in terms of size. Tend to hold social, political and economic power.
• within our society, there is a dominant group that holds positions of power within social institutions or owns the production of cultural products such as the news.
• Many academic theorists suggest that, in general, members of this group have the following characteristics 
• Middle aged 
• male
• Middle class
• white 
• capitalist
• Christian 
• heterosexual 
• able-bodied
• western
• university

it could be agued that, because the dominant group have access to power and a means of communication, they have control and influence over the way in which other social groups are seen and understood.

Individuals who do not fit the characteristics of the dominant group would be classed as being from subordinate group. However, for example, a white british, working class woman would fall into the dominant ethic group but the subornate class and gender group.

All this surgests that the representing of individuals and social groups will always involve bias towards the dominant group because: 

• The dominant group tends to include those who construct the representation in news content.
• The representation of the other social groups, positively or negatively, helps to maintain the social position of the dominant group.

Contexts 

Ownership - media barons and journalists views can replicated in representations of social groups in news.

Economic factors - Will change the genre and representation of their newspapers  to try and make more money.

News values and political bias - 

Regulation - 

Selection 

Representation occurs as a result of selection (through Gatekeeping) and combination (the way different features are selected and combined)

• Gatekeeping will depend on the appeal to the target audience and how the stories can be shaped to reflect a particular political agenda or viewpoints.
• This process of selection also includes the act of de-selection: which social groups are not represented and why.

2 main stories

Negative representation middle aged white male.

political/ royals  

L/O - To analyse the constructions of representation incase studies and the impact of contexts on these representations.

 peter walker 

All represent left political views ' Tories in turmoil as immigration minister quits over Rwanda bill ' 

diversity is represented 

How does the Guardian construct stereotypes to communicate ideology and position audience 

 

the gardian and the political parties to reinforce pre existing, still featuring the dominant group although still criticising them. the main article is featuring the dominant group.

Realism is that politics is in everyones life and that it is male dominated 

Acorderfing to butler to be a prime minister you have to wear a suit to do a good job and not a women.

 

ONLINE NEWS

L/O - To explore the industry, regulation and ownership of online, social and participatory news of the mail online.

Which factors have led to the increase of online news?

It has lead to an increase because techonologily has increased so that means that people are reading more news online then going to the shop and buying.

How do owners monetise online news content.

They earn it from adverts that they have on there websites. 

How has the development of technology and digital convergence impacted the production, distribution and circulation of online news.

They have many different ways for people  to access news quickly such as on social media and websites and podcast 

How is online news regulated and why is this an ongoing issue.

self regulated.

Mail Online 

The MailOnline, or dailymail.co.uk, was launched in 2003 and rebranded in 2003 and rebranded as a separate site in 2006. Combined with its print paper, DMGT  has a 20.1% share of the market.

DMGT has adapted their paper to consumer preferences and has been successful in capitalising o new income revenues through their digital content.

They offer mailonline content on four different platforms:

• Desktop
• Mobile
• Tablet Formats
• Social Media 

These are also different advertising platforms 

Unlike some papers, digital advertising is profitable for the MailOnline. In 2017, the MailOnlines combined revenue was 119 million, an increase of £93 million from 2016.

This shows the succes of the online brand. Because of this, they can remain competitive and have not had to introduce a paywall for its online readers.

The move to a separately mongered site in 2006 had a number of advantages for the owners in relation to production, distribution and circulation of the Mails content and values, helping them to cut costs, increase revenue and reach a wider audience.

Production

• The content on the website is exclusively for the MailOnline and is not publishes in the print version.
• The MailOnline employs over 800 people who post over 1,500 articles and 560 videos a day.
• Although separate, with a different editor, it remains the same conservation news values.
• content features broad mix on international news and mainly UK focussed coverage of sports, finance and travel.
• Entertainment, celebrity and lifestyle news is a major component and the site is dominated by images.

Distribution:

• The MailOnline is digitally distributed across digitally coverage platforms( website, apps and social media)
• Also snapchat content.
• This reduces distribution costs and enhances profit from advertising.
• Enables a global reach for the brand through their online content in the UK, USA, Australia and india.
• Allows the brand to attract younger audiences than the print newspaper.

Circulation:

• Since 2015, the MailOnline is considered to be the most visited English language news website in the world.
• Approximately one third of its daily trafic comes from the USA and Australia.
• The MailOnline has 15million uses accessing its content daily.
• It has 10million snapchat readers daily.
• The face book page has 1 billion monthly videos views.

Regulation:

• As a member of ISPO, readers can complain regarding content written by the MailOnline on any of its online platforms.
• Since 2015, ISPO has received 39 complaints against the MailOnline only 2 of these were upheld.
• ISPO can only regulate content produced by the MailOnline journalists - given the partirapatry nature of the platforms, much content isn't regulated.
• The MailOnline journalists are tasked with filtering, editing and/or removing content deemed offensive on their platforms, but the volume of the user generated content makes this difficult to do successfully.
• This suggests a conflict between the impacted of the online news on the regulation of the MailOnline content:
• Minimal impact: although there is more room for invading privacy or publishing inaccurate informated, given the gossip nature of the news site, this can be regulated if it is posted by their journalists
• Significant impact: sharing, commenting and often anonymous participation on content is encouraged. this is largely self regulated and the success is debatable.

L/0 - To explore the industry, regulation and ownership of online, social and participatory news for the Guardian.

thequardian.com, formally TheGuardian.co.uk, was launched in 2008, developing the earlier news website GuardianUnlimited, wich began in 1999.

Combined with their print paper and The Observer, GMG has risen to become the third lagerst newspaper in the world.

This indicates that, despite dramatically falling print sales, theguardian.com is highly successful.

theguardian.com has roughly 34.7 million month global users and country specific online versions in Australia and the USA. 

GMG offer theguardian.com content on four different platforms:

• desktop
• mobile
• tablet formats
• social media

These are also platforms for marketing The Guardian brand.

2017 digital revenues demonstrates the success of the online model:

• digital revenue of £108.6 million
• 50% of GMG revenue

To further supplement the income from digital advertising, readers can subscribe to digital editions from £11.99 a month with additional options to access further content.

The Guardian has a long history of developing its digital content since 1994

However, GMG  obviously sees the benefit of adapting to digital convergence.

Production

• The online version of the paper retains the same liberal, progressive values as the print versions.
• The website offers additional features, such as the Opinion section and Soulmates, which enable a greater range of content then the print version.
• theguardian.com is a core news site made of niche sections covering subjects such as business, entertainment, technology arts, sports and media.
• There is a rolling news service that is constantly updated by journalists.

Distribution 

• theguardian.com is digitally distributed across digitally converged platforms
• This reduces distribution costs and enhance profit from advertising.
• theguardian.com content is also distributed through a partership deal with Yahoo with uses from the UK, USA, Astralier,India and Singapore accessing content

Circulation

• Since 2015, theguadian.com has increased circulation by 25%
• It has 34.7 million monthly global users
• 1.15 million users access theguardian.com by mobile or tablet.

Regulation 

As a self-regulated publication, it is the role of the readers Editor to regulate both print and online content.

theguardian.com has a global reach of 140 million online users. Therefore regulating and responding to itsnt posible.

In declining which complaintes to priortise, they use the following criteria:

• how serious the complaint is
• the likelihood that harm could occur
• the potential the content has to mislead
• the proximity of the person to the issue raised and whether it directly affects them
• how many have complained about the same features
• the risk to reputation of GMG and their brands

Digital convergence has impacted the production of GMG online content by getting a wider range of content as they made more sections with a range of news on the website.

Explain how the global cultural context in which online news is produced influences the content offered to audiences. Refer to the mailonline and theguadian.com to surport your answer?

The internet has encouraged the globalisation is that it is accesible from anywhere globally so that everyone can accesses it wherever they are to find out the news

L/O - To explore audiences appeal and use of online, social and participatory news in the mailOnline.

Cultural Contexts News

• Online
• Accesible
• Functional
• International/ national
• adverts/ pop ups
• login - personalised content 
• live updates 

Terminology 

Ad-like - Is liking or slicing onto an advert

Click-stream - Tracking what users click on how long they spend on a article.

Echo chambers - Encounters beliefs and values constant with their own. reinforcing existing values.

Front Door Traffic - Encouraging uses to view newspaper content on their website rather then on another site.

Echo chambers - Audiences only receive more of the same to reinforce their current likes and preferences.

Audience reach 

New technologies and digital convergence enables owners to reach different segments of the market and at different times of the day. This allows them to extent their market reach globally and demographically.

UK news brands, cumulatively, have the following reach:

• 84% of men and women
• 88% f 18-34yr olds

Owners are able to reach a millennial audience who wouldn't normally read print news. Combined with their print reach, they achieve a much broader cross section of the population.

This can also be sold to advertisers as online news readers engage differently with advertising, So, although not as lucrative as print advertising, digital advertising is still successful.

Desktop 

• 20% read news brand content weekly.
• 4 million access news content daily
• Men aged 35-54 consume most of this platform 

Mobile and tablet 

• 27 million adults access news content on this platform
• 18-34 make up one third of this, 56% are women
• Mainly consumed between 6am and 10am.

Social Media

• 75% read news outlets on SM weekly
• SM news brand content is mostly consumed between 5pm and 10pm
• SM news outlets have accumulated over 920 million interactions
• Facebook is the most popular social network with online news brand readers.

Mail online 

The MailOnline content is accessed by almost 13 million daily browsers across its platfroms.

their readers can be identified by the following demographics:

• 73.3% aged 35+
• 26.7% aged 15-25 (print is 9.5%)
• most visits from ABC1 group

DMGT agure their success is due to a constant application of core principles, defined as:

• creating addictive and timely content
• using data and analytics effectively
• making front door traffic engagement a priority
• reinforcing the Daily Mail brand 

they also use 

• cheap, stable video that tells story originally
• content to drive direct trafic to desktop and mobile homepages
• discount codes

they use click streaming to analyse audiences preferences. This can be seen through editors Six of the best and most shared right now.These show the range of stories that appeal to their audience.

Desktop 

• 843,000 daily browsers
• 6.5 million monthly browsers

Mobile and Tablet 

• 3.6 million mobile phone daily reach
• 2.3 milion 18-24
• smartphone reach is 2.9 million daily
• Tablet reach in 775,000

Social Media 

• FC page has over 14 million likes
• Most successful news brand on FB 
• approx 1 billion video views per month on FB
• Twitter profile has 2.2 million followers
• 2nd most popular new brand on Twitter
• 10 million Snapchat followers daily.

L/O - To explore audience appeal and use of online, social and participatory news.

          To explore the academic 

thegaudian.com content is access by over 4 million daily browsers across its platforms.

Their readers can be indentifed by the following demographics:

• 67% aged 35+
• 33% aged 15-21 (print is 9.5%)
• Majority of visits from ABC1 group

Digital news provision is highly succesful and they believe their audience to be very much consumers of content.

Their audience can be broken down into the following:

• 34.4 million monthly global inique users
• 34.2 million monthly cross platfrom users 

They are the market leader in providing online news content across desktop and twitter platfroms.

They use click streaming to analyse audience preferences. This can be seen through the Most Viewed section and shows readers are most interested in stories ranging from culture, sports, politics and economic.

Bad news 

As it is expressing that the war is 'apocalyptic'

the image shows the damage caused by the war and that people are losing their homes 

  The power elite

Entainment

theguadien.com follows harcups and Oniel news values to some extent this is show by 

Jenkins: Fandom 

• New media have enabled participatory culture where audiences are active.
• Participatory audiences create online communities using new media forms to develop or influence how media is consumed.

Fans act as textual poachers - taking elements from media texts to create their own culture.

The development of the new media has accelerated participatory culture, in which audiences are active and creative participants rather than passive consumers. They create online communities, produce new creative forms, collaborate to solve problems, and shape the flow of media. This generates collective intelligence from this perspective, convergence is cultural process rather than a technological one. Jenkins prefer the term spreadable media to terms such as viral, as the former emphasizes the active, participatory element of the new media.

Daily mail online 

readers are encouraged to participate and be active in their consumption of content for each story uses are encouraged to share like or comment.

Guardian online  

Readers participate in online communities such as twitter and facebook, where through sharing their comments and interests they can develop or influence how the content should be understood.

Limitations and usefulness

• Draws attention to potentially revolutionary effect of online media on news and the threat this represents to traditional models of news gathering and distribution.
• Draws attention to how online news paper increasingly rely on participatory media such as facebook, instagram and twitter to dissermate news.
• Draws attention to the role of participatory culture in developing citizen journalism.

However 

• does not apply to print news papers due to their centralised production.
• Fandom and participatory culture are less likely to occur in relation to online newspapers when compared to other areas of the internet due to their type of content and the ethos of professional journalism 
• This optimistic view of the power of online audiences may underestimate the power of the oligarchy of media conglomerates to shape and control online content and the importance of journalism as a professional practise.

shirky 

• Tradional media are shaped by centralised producers
• Audience were seen as a mass of people with predictabl behaviours 
• Audience behaviour is now varible: they are posumers who can create and shape their won conten.
• User generated content creates emotinal connections 

Traditional media are shaped by centralised producers 

• Audiences were seen as a mass of people with predictable behaviours
• Audience behaviour is now variable; they are prosumers who can create and shape their own content 
  User-generated content creates emotional connections.

In the 'old' media, centralised producers addressed atomised consumers in the 'new' media, every consumer is now a producer. Traditional media producers would 'filter then publish'; as many 'new' media producers are not employees, they 'publish then filter'. These amateur producers have different motivations to those of professionals - they value autonomy, competence, membership and generosity. User-generated content creates emotional connection between people who care about something. This can generate a cognitive surplus- for example, Wikipedia can aggregate people's free me and talent to produce value that no traditional medium could match. 'the audience' as a mass of people with predictable behaviour is gone. Now, behaviour is variable across different sites with some of the audience creating content, some synthesising content and some consuming content. The 'old' media created a mass audience. The 'new' media provide a platform for people to provide a value for each other.

Limitations: does not apply to print newspapers due to their centralised production.

Online newspapers have not embraced the publish then filter model of the new media as top newspapers brands rely on their authority as a news brand to sell themselves, explains less about online newspapers than it would for fully user-generated online content.

Usefulnesses: draws attention to the potentially revolutionary effect of online media on news and the treat this represents to traditional models of news gathering and distribution

Draws attention to how online newspapers increasingly rely on participatory media such as facebook instagram and twitter to disseminate news.

L/O - To explore use of media language in online, social and participatory news.

which ML print front page conventions are used on the online and SM pages?

They use the same colours as on there online and their social media websites.

L/O - To explore use of media language in online, social and participatory news.

          To explore Media language academic theory and apply this to online news examples.

Instagram 

Instagram

Facbook 

Twitter 

online 

It creates a positive look on the police as they are quick to the scene where it happened and that they are worried about the welfare of the mother and aks her to seek medical attention and gives the mother options for if she doesn't want to speak to people.

L/O - To analyse representations in online, social and participatory news in MailOnline. Explore and apply representation theory to the case study examples.

Individualism 

A social theory that emphasises the worth of the individual over the social group. It is associated with capitalist ideals of free enterprise, the pursuit of profit and the right to self realisation and freedom.

Globalisation 

A process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected due to increased trade and cultural exchange. This has seen grater trade and free movement of capital, goods and services, with the most successful companies being national.

Consumerism

Encourages the acquisition of goods and sevises in ever increasing amounts policies amounts. Economic policies emphasise consumption and are linked to the idea of individualism with consumption as the free choice of the consumer. It cuts across social groups such as religion age, gender and ethnicity in focusing on the internets of the consumer.

MailOnline 

• Add - at the top
• Royal family - Kate - The King - right wing, patriotic, royalist - individuals success of kate - King - individual pain recovery

Police story - individualism

celeb news - SJP - capitalist success 

Global news - war story 

Cebrity News 

Marcus Rashford - shown in a bad light to what he has done. 

L/O - To analyse representations in online, social and participatory news in the MailOnline. Explore and apply representations theory t the case study examples.

It shows individualism - as it shows the parents individual needs of having their daughter taken away from them in such a rapid time, and that this story would be spread around social media to spread awareness about these sort of things.

Globalisation - it shows this because the Grammys are watched by millions online so it produces a globalised audience.

Van zoonen - Taylor swift is objectified by the dress she is wearing.

Dominant groups have social power - this shows the dominant social group as a male as priminister and who has power, this excludes the working class 

Butler - roles reversed women in power but still presented as a sterotypical women with wearing a dress and makeup.

Hall - Representation 

Gauntlet - Media representations offer a range of diverse and contradictory message about identity

van zoonen - women are objectified.

Bell hooks - feminism chalenges patriarchy.

Butler - gender identity.

Gilroy - The history of colonialism continues to influence attitudes to ethnicity in westen societies. 

Gauntlet 

Shows tradital family values as he is urged to put his royal rift aside.

L/O - To analyse representations in online, social and participatory news in the Gaudian. Explore and apply representation theory to the case study examples.

This shows current affairs as the king being diagnosed with cancer.

shows social welfare 

 sports 

global

global

shows him in a bad light with the use of the word horrific. 

L/O - To analyse representations in online, social and participatory news in the Guardian. Explore and apply representation theory to the case study examples.

the quardian.com constructs representations through the use of positive and negative stereotype and the reinforcement of liberal values. The key ideological messages communicated on its website are:

• Dominant groups have social powers: while there is some diversity in the social groups. individual representations of white, middle-aged, middle-class men dominate stories selected, reinforcing the power and visibility of the dominant group.
• Individualsmnis complicated: freedom of speech and self expression are celebrated and seen as important aspects of the human experience. But, individualism favours the individual over the group and individual profit to aid self realisation. These ideological features contradict the papers centre- left political bias and liberal journalism.
• Globalisation benefits society; it is represented as enabling acces to develop knowledge about the world, allowing readers interconnection with a wider community to share knowledge. ideas and values. This presents on outward-looking, non-isolationist attitude of care about engament with issues of the world.
• Consumerism is part of everyday life; representations of consumerism are embedded within the consumption of news as knowledge that can be devop reders individually and socially, rather than a focus on material consumption.

This fits the ideology of globalisation as is it a global mater that is effecting the rest of the world and that people all over should know about.

Consumerism because it is knowledge that people can develop about.

Van zoonen - 

she relates to van zoonen theory as she is presented as a wife of a a man that has died and that we dont know much about her only that she is seen as a sad wife.

She related to van zoonens theory but in the opposite way as she is not presented as a stereotypical 

L/O - To explore the contexts of the news industry 

Hsitorical 

• Newspapers are one of the oldest media forms, dating back to the 17th century in the UK.
• Mass readership of newspaper arose in Britain in the late 199th century with the extention of education and the vote, the increase in mass consumption and the growth of urban popular culture
• The print press has been shaped by develoments in technology, which has impacted the ways in which news is produced, distrubuted and circulated.
• Since the 1980s, the digital age has impacted the printed press to the extent that the industry has had to change in respeonse.

Economic

• The british news industry contributes significantly to the british economy.
• Newspaper in the free market capatilist societies are commodities which are produced to be sold for profit.
• Technological advances have impacted the circulation of print news with the rise of online news
• The economic structure and funding of the production and distrubution of newspaper relies on circulation sales and advertising revenue from, this relies on a consumerist economy.
• The current funding models in the UK must be reviewed if UK newspapers are to survive.
• Ownership models are moving from trust and proprietor companies to cross media coverged companies with global reach and a focus on profit.
• Ownership of market shares has to be monitored to ensure competion and plurality in the news industry.

Political

• A free press, self regulation and The Fourth Estate are important in democrafic societies.
• Protective coverage gives editors power over information that reaches mass audience.
• Newspapers reflect political bias and have a political agenda which will increase in times of political conflict.
• Owners and editors support key political figures and reflect their political values in their news reporting, often owning newspapers to gain poliitical influence.
• Politicians will test the reaction of the press to policies before deciding to contunue with them.
• Reporting on goverment and opposition policy and elections can influence readers, so political outcomes and natinal decisions benefit the political parties that are surpoted by the newspaper owners.
• Govement legislation, reviews and policy affect ownership, practise and the regulation of the news in the UK.
• Goverment can review the ownership of news titles evry 4-5 years to ensure plurity in the market
• Govement can interveneu to prevent mergers/deals if news owners have a majority market share of print news.

social

• Gatekeeping the production, distrubution and circulation of news meant it is a socially constructed product by oweners and journalists.
• The news industry is a social injustion, higly visible in our daily lives and run by owners in dominat social postions.
• The news reflects society at the the time it is being prosucued, it shows whats happening in the world and it reflects current social concerns and anxieties, including those caused by social change.
• The news rienfoces and comments on other social insitutions such as law, goverment, finance, family, religion, education and media.

Economic - 

historical -  shows Camilla in a good light and with the two famous actors aswell - icons in the film industry.

polical - camila - positive representation of royal family

-right wing values 

soical - hate crimes, amtisemitisum still going in our country 

L/O - To understand the exam format for the news unit

Question 2 

15 marks = 25 minutes

How far has genre influenced the media language in sources A and B?

In the british press there are two distinct types of newspapers broadsheets have a very tradital way of how thy lay out there newspaper as they have a clear masthead at the top of the page then an image then the writing connecting to the image with more formal language, where as tabloid has a different way of presenting there newspaper as they have an clear mast head but beside that they have an add to win something, with a big image covering most of the page with a lot less formal writing.

In conclusion genre has influenced the media language used in these two extracts. 

Question 3 

10 marks =17 minutes 

Explain how the political context in which newspapers are produced influences their ownership and regulation.Refer to the Guardian and the Daily Mail newspapers you have studied to surport your answer

Question 3 and 4

Question 4 - Shirky 

P1 Shirky - explains ideas 

P2 Applied to guardian 

P3 Compares guardian

P4 Shirky idea - applied to both

P5 Limitation - how it doesn't fit 

L/O - To summarise the theorists and respond to the exam questions.

Q1 - Gilroy 

P1 - not mourned empire reps of immigrants are criminalised 

       Black atlantic 

       Superiority of white 

P2 - immigrants criminalised - Guardian opposes this idea bad idea 

P3 - Immigrants criminalised - mob 

P4 - Superiority of white western culture 

P5 - applies 

 

L/O - To summerise the theorists and respond to the exam questions.

Bandura 

• The media influence people directly, human values, judgement and conduct can be altered directly by media modelling.
• Media representations of aggressive or violent behaviour can lead to imitation.
• The media can influence directly or indirectly through related platforms such as social media.

Usefulness 

• May apply to a wide range of media products, including LFTVDs.
• Draws attention to the need to investigate the directs effects on individuals who consume LFTVDs.
• Surports the agreements of those who thinks television should be regulated to avoid public harm.

Homeland 

• In homeland the representations of patriarchal society that are reproduced through the male characters in the CIA can reinforce partriachal ideas in the mind of the audience.

The Killing 

Limitations: 

• The complex representations common to LFTVD are less likely to cause a direct effect on audiences.
• Prioritising the effects of the media on the audience that may mean that the effects of the audience on the media are underestimated 
• Designed for the old style media of fewer TV channels and choice, before the fragmented characteristics of current multichannel choice and services.

Gerbner 

• Exposure to particular media forms over a long period of time cultivates standardised roles and behaviour. Gerbner used content analysis to analyse repeated media messages and values, then found that heavy users of television were more likely, for example, to develop Mean world syndrome.
• Repetition of negative media messages and values are likely to create mean world syndrome which leads to the mistrusts and fear of other within our society.
• Gerbner found that heavy TV viewing to mainstreaming.

Usefulness 

• Draws attention to the need to investigate the longer term effects on individuals who consume LFTVD box sets.
• Attitude effects of violent representations suggest that television programes create the belief to the audience that the world is a dangerous place, with negative events.
• Support the idea that TV should be regulated to avoid harm. 

Homeland 

• In homeland we can see the mean world syndrome through the fear of terroisism and the lack of protection from inside attacks. Social norms and mainstreaming can be seen through the repetition of the nuclear family through Brody and his family unit.
• Gerbeners perspective is useful for considering the ways in which media products may shape audience attitudes over a period of time, and draws attention to the mainstreaming of values and attitudes.

L/O - To reflect on the mock exam and identify areas to improve 

Barthes 

signs - signify = signified

Signifier - literal object, image and is the denotation 

from this signified - connotation what is suggested from the image/ objects

ideological myths that appear natural

Source A

Boris headline 

boris - cover image/ headline 

Bad - betrayal  image - boris + kids - emphasises his contact with them 

PM - conservative - negative 

Boris - inadequate, inferior - failed his job 

Source B

Headline - Boris school tsar quits in cash bust up - cristising TSAR 

TSAR - negative 

Collins have quit - his fault 

headline - reveals this - use of lexis 'cash bust up' - emphasises collins negative

Barthes d/s = text/headline  connotation = collins is a quitter

Myth = right wing support of PM and the monarchy by the images 

Question 2 

Do the comments reflect the time - historical - what was going on 

Social - society how was it at the time 

Culture - of people at the time 

Media language - Layouts, colour palete,images, texts 

Political contexts - 

Levi Strauss - binary opposites - opposing iders/ views - night and day - opposite

L/O - To revise the exam questions fro the news unit.

Audiences interaction - online, social media, people talking about it/ word of mouth

Culture

Online vs print

Engage with it 

Updated constantly - live updates 

Share online 

Access anywhere

Notifications from apps 

Subscription

Contribute to a news story   

question 4 

Curren and Seaton -  

ownership is important in how companies operate

companies consume each other to get more power

creativity is sacrifised at the cost of profit. narrowing views.

internet has not changed the power balence.

Hesmondhalgh  -  Capaninies capitalist and coverge

Higher risk - loss of profit 

minimilist risk via